Plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, is an infectious disease that affects both animals and humans. In the United States, a significant portion of human plague cases—around half each year—occur in New Mexico. This might sound alarming, but with prompt treatment using antibiotics, plague is effectively curable. However, it’s crucial to be aware of the risks and take preventative measures, as untreated plague can be life-threatening.
What is Bubonic Plague?
Bubonic plague is the most common form of plague globally. People typically contract bubonic plague through the bite of an infected rodent flea. The bacteria are carried by rodents like mice, rats, and prairie dogs, and fleas act as vectors, transmitting the disease from rodent to rodent and occasionally to humans or other animals. Another way to get infected is by handling an infected animal.
Why New Mexico?
New Mexico’s environment provides a natural habitat for rodents that carry plague. The bacteria thrive in certain wild rodent populations found in the state’s landscapes. This ecological factor contributes to the higher incidence of plague cases compared to many other parts of the US.
Recognizing the Symptoms of Bubonic Plague
Early detection is key for successful treatment of bubonic plague. Symptoms usually appear within 2 to 8 days after exposure and can include:
- Sudden onset of fever
- Chills
- Headache
- Extreme exhaustion or malaise
- Swollen and painful lymph nodes (buboes), typically in the groin, armpit, or neck – this is the hallmark symptom of bubonic plague.
It is vital to seek medical attention immediately if you experience these symptoms, especially if you have been in areas known to harbor rodents or have had potential flea exposure in New Mexico or similar regions.
Treatment and Prevention are Crucial
Bubonic plague is treatable with antibiotics. The earlier treatment begins, the better the chances of a full recovery. Delay in treatment can lead to serious complications and even death.
Prevention focuses on minimizing exposure to rodents and fleas. Key preventative measures include:
- Avoiding contact with wild rodents, especially in areas known to have plague.
- Controlling rodent populations around your home and property.
- Using flea control products on pets to prevent them from bringing fleas into your home.
- Wearing gloves when handling potentially infected animals, if necessary (e.g., veterinarians, wildlife workers).
Plague Activity in New Mexico
According to the New Mexico Department of Health, there has been one reported human plague case in New Mexico in 2024. There were no human cases reported in 2023. It’s important to stay informed about current health advisories and any reported cases in your area or areas you plan to visit.
Staying Informed and Safe
While the idea of bubonic plague can be concerning, remember that it is rare and treatable, especially with prompt medical care. By understanding the risks, recognizing the symptoms, and taking preventive steps, residents and visitors to New Mexico can significantly reduce their chances of contracting plague. Staying informed through public health resources and practicing rodent and flea avoidance are the best strategies for staying safe from bubonic plague in New Mexico.
