How Many Mexican Presidents Were Assassinated In History?

Are you curious about the turbulent political history of Mexico? The question of How Many Mexican Presidents Were Assassinated is a complex one, deeply intertwined with the nation’s struggles for power and stability. At gaymexico.net, we aim to shed light on this topic and other related issues, especially as they intersect with the LGBTQ+ community in Mexico, offering insights into the country’s past and present. Explore the compelling narrative of Mexico’s leadership transitions and their impact on the nation’s identity, and discover our comprehensive guides to LGBTQ+ friendly destinations, events, and resources in Mexico.

1. How Many Mexican Presidents Have Been Assassinated?

While pinpointing an exact number is challenging due to historical complexities and varying definitions of “assassination,” it’s widely acknowledged that at least four Mexican presidents have been assassinated throughout Mexico’s history. These assassinations reflect periods of intense political instability and conflict.

Guadalupe Victoria (President: 1824-1829): While not assassinated during his term, Victoria faced numerous assassination attempts and plots throughout his presidency and later life. Surviving these attempts shaped his presidency.
Venustiano Carranza (President: 1917-1920): Carranza’s presidency, born out of the Mexican Revolution, ended violently when he was assassinated in 1920 after facing a military revolt. His death marked a significant turning point in the post-revolutionary power struggles.
Álvaro Obregón (President-elect, previously served 1920-1924): Obregón was assassinated in 1928 shortly after being re-elected as president. This assassination triggered a major political crisis and led to the formation of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR), the precursor to the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).
Plutarco Elías Calles (President: 1924-1928): While Calles wasn’t assassinated during his presidency, there were numerous attempts on his life both before and after his term. The political climate of the time was extremely volatile.
Beyond the Presidents: It’s important to note that numerous other high-ranking political figures, presidential candidates, and government officials have been assassinated throughout Mexican history. These acts of violence have had a profound impact on the country’s political landscape.

1.1. A Deeper Look into Presidential Assassinations in Mexico

The assassinations of Mexican presidents are not isolated events but rather reflect deeper trends of political instability, violence, and the struggle for power.

1.2. Key Factors Contributing to Political Violence

Power Struggles: Throughout Mexican history, intense rivalries and conflicts have existed between different political factions and groups vying for control of the government.
Economic Inequality: Vast disparities in wealth and opportunity have fueled social unrest and resentment, sometimes leading to political violence.
Organized Crime: The influence of drug cartels and other criminal organizations has significantly contributed to political violence in Mexico, particularly at the local level. As noted in a Reuters report, drug cartels often seek to influence local elections by threatening or assassinating candidates they oppose.
Legacy of the Mexican Revolution: The revolution, while aiming to address social injustices, left a legacy of violence and a culture of political instability that continued to impact the country for decades.
Weak Institutions: Historically, weak law enforcement and judicial systems have contributed to a climate of impunity, making it easier for political violence to occur and go unpunished.
Corruption: Endemic corruption within government institutions has eroded public trust and created opportunities for criminal elements to influence politics.
Social Unrest: Protests, uprisings, and social movements have sometimes been met with violent repression, further contributing to the cycle of political violence.

1.3. The Impact on Mexican Politics

Presidential assassinations have had a profound and lasting impact on Mexican politics:

Political Instability: Assassinations have often triggered periods of political instability, uncertainty, and power struggles.
Erosion of Democracy: Political violence undermines democratic institutions and processes, creating an environment of fear and intimidation.
Rise of Authoritarianism: In some cases, assassinations have led to the rise of authoritarian regimes that promise stability but at the cost of freedom and democracy.
Increased Militarization: The government’s response to political violence has often involved increased militarization, which can lead to human rights abuses and further social unrest.
Social Polarization: Political violence can deepen social divisions and create a climate of mistrust and animosity.
Trauma and Memory: Assassinations leave a lasting scar on the collective memory of a nation, shaping its political culture and identity.

1.4. The Role of Organized Crime in Contemporary Political Violence

In recent years, organized crime has become a major driver of political violence in Mexico. Drug cartels and other criminal groups often seek to influence local elections and control government institutions in order to further their illicit activities.

Targeting of Candidates: Cartels often target candidates who are perceived as threats to their interests, using violence and intimidation to ensure that their preferred candidates win elections. As reported by Reuters, the current election campaign has seen an unprecedented number of violent incidents against candidates, with security analysts linking the killings mostly to drug cartels seeking to influence local elections.
Control of Territory: Criminal organizations often seek to control specific territories in order to facilitate drug trafficking, extortion, and other illegal activities. Political violence is often used to eliminate rivals and consolidate control over these territories.
Corruption and Impunity: The close ties between organized crime and corrupt government officials create a climate of impunity, making it difficult to investigate and prosecute those responsible for political violence.
Impact on Democracy: The pervasive influence of organized crime in politics undermines democratic institutions and processes, creating a system where elections are often manipulated and government officials are beholden to criminal interests.
Erosion of Rule of Law: The increasing power of organized crime erodes the rule of law, making it difficult for the government to protect its citizens and maintain order.

1.5. What Measures Have Been Taken to Prevent Political Assassinations in Mexico?

The Mexican government has taken a number of steps to try to prevent political assassinations, but with limited success. These measures include:

Increased Security for Candidates: The government has increased security protection for candidates who are deemed to be at risk, providing them with armed guards and other security measures. However, as noted by Reuters, this protection extends to only a tiny fraction of the total candidates running for office.
Law Enforcement Efforts: The government has launched law enforcement operations aimed at dismantling organized crime groups and combating political violence.
Electoral Reforms: Efforts have been made to reform the electoral system in order to reduce the influence of organized crime and promote fair and transparent elections.
Social Programs: The government has implemented social programs aimed at addressing the root causes of violence, such as poverty and inequality.
International Cooperation: Mexico has cooperated with other countries, particularly the United States, in efforts to combat drug trafficking and organized crime.

1.6. Why Is Mexico Plagued by So Much Political Violence?

Mexico’s history of political violence is a complex phenomenon rooted in a number of factors:

Historical Legacy: Mexico’s history of revolution, civil war, and authoritarian rule has created a culture of political violence.
Weak Institutions: Weak law enforcement, judicial systems, and other government institutions have contributed to a climate of impunity, making it easier for political violence to occur.
Economic Inequality: Vast disparities in wealth and opportunity have fueled social unrest and resentment, sometimes leading to political violence.
Organized Crime: The pervasive influence of drug cartels and other criminal organizations has significantly contributed to political violence in Mexico.
Corruption: Endemic corruption within government institutions has eroded public trust and created opportunities for criminal elements to influence politics.
Social Polarization: Deep divisions within Mexican society have made it difficult to build consensus and address the root causes of violence.
Geographic Factors: Mexico’s location as a transit country for drugs destined for the United States has made it a hub for organized crime.

1.7. Can Mexico Ever Overcome Its History of Political Violence?

Overcoming Mexico’s history of political violence will be a long and difficult process, but it is not impossible. Some key steps that could be taken include:

Strengthening Institutions: Investing in law enforcement, judicial systems, and other government institutions to ensure that they are effective, accountable, and free from corruption.
Addressing Economic Inequality: Implementing policies that promote economic opportunity and reduce poverty, such as investing in education, healthcare, and job creation.
Combating Organized Crime: Launching a comprehensive strategy to dismantle organized crime groups and reduce their influence in politics and society.
Promoting the Rule of Law: Ensuring that laws are enforced fairly and consistently, and that those who commit crimes are held accountable.
Building Social Cohesion: Promoting dialogue, reconciliation, and understanding between different groups within Mexican society.
Promoting Human Rights: Protecting the rights of all citizens, including freedom of speech, assembly, and association.
International Cooperation: Working with other countries to combat drug trafficking, organized crime, and other transnational threats.

While these steps would not eliminate political violence overnight, they could help to create a more stable, just, and peaceful society in Mexico.

2. Assassination of Venustiano Carranza (1920)

Venustiano Carranza, president from 1917 to 1920, was assassinated in 1920. His death occurred during a military revolt, highlighting the deep-seated political instability of the post-revolutionary period.

2.1. Background

Carranza, a key figure in the Mexican Revolution, rose to power after the overthrow of Victoriano Huerta. As president, he oversaw the drafting of the 1917 Constitution, a landmark document that aimed to address social and economic inequalities. However, his administration faced numerous challenges, including:

Internal Divisions: The revolutionary factions that had united against Huerta soon splintered, leading to infighting and regional conflicts.
Economic Crisis: The revolution had devastated the Mexican economy, and Carranza struggled to rebuild the country.
Social Unrest: Many Mexicans felt that Carranza’s government had not gone far enough in addressing their needs, leading to strikes, protests, and peasant uprisings.

2.2. The Revolt of Agua Prieta

In 1920, Carranza attempted to impose a civilian successor, Ignacio Bonillas, rather than allowing a popular general like Álvaro Obregón to run for president. This move sparked a military revolt known as the Plan de Agua Prieta, led by Obregón and other revolutionary generals.

2.3. Assassination

As the revolt gained momentum, Carranza fled Mexico City with his supporters, intending to establish a new government in Veracruz. However, he was betrayed by one of his own generals, Rodolfo Herrero, who ambushed and assassinated him in the small town of Tlaxcalantongo, Puebla, on May 21, 1920.

2.4. Consequences

Carranza’s assassination had a number of significant consequences:

Obregón’s Ascendancy: It paved the way for Álvaro Obregón to become president, marking the beginning of a new era in Mexican politics.
Political Realignment: The assassination led to a realignment of political forces, with the rise of a new generation of revolutionary leaders.
Continued Instability: While Obregón’s presidency brought a period of relative stability, political violence continued to be a feature of Mexican life for many years to come.

2.5. Legacy

Carranza remains a controversial figure in Mexican history. While he is credited with overseeing the drafting of the 1917 Constitution, he is also criticized for his authoritarian tendencies and his failure to address the needs of the Mexican people. His assassination serves as a reminder of the deep-seated political instability that plagued Mexico in the aftermath of the revolution.

3. Assassination of Álvaro Obregón (1928)

Álvaro Obregón, who served as president from 1920 to 1924 and was president-elect in 1928, was assassinated in 1928 shortly after being re-elected. His assassination triggered a major political crisis.

3.1. Background

Obregón was a brilliant military strategist who played a key role in the Mexican Revolution. As president, he implemented a number of important reforms, including:

Land Redistribution: Obregón distributed land to peasants, fulfilling one of the key demands of the revolution.
Labor Rights: He supported the formation of labor unions and improved working conditions for Mexican workers.
Education Reform: Obregón invested heavily in education, building schools and training teachers in rural areas.

3.2. The Cristero War

Obregón’s presidency was also marked by the Cristero War, a religious conflict between the government and Catholic rebels who opposed the anti-clerical provisions of the 1917 Constitution.

3.3. Re-election and Assassination

In 1928, Obregón ran for president again, despite a constitutional provision that prohibited re-election. He justified his candidacy by arguing that the constitution should be interpreted to mean non-consecutive re-election. Obregón won the election easily, but his victory was met with opposition from some quarters.

On July 17, 1928, Obregón was assassinated by José de León Toral, a Catholic militant who opposed his re-election. The assassination took place during a banquet in Mexico City.

3.4. Consequences

Obregón’s assassination had a number of significant consequences:

Political Crisis: It triggered a major political crisis, as there was no clear successor to the presidency.
Rise of Calles: It paved the way for Plutarco Elías Calles, Obregón’s former ally, to become the dominant figure in Mexican politics.
Formation of the PRI: It led to the formation of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR), the precursor to the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), which would rule Mexico for the next 70 years.

3.5. Legacy

Obregón is remembered as one of the most important figures in Mexican history. He is credited with consolidating the gains of the revolution and laying the foundations for a modern, democratic Mexico. His assassination serves as a reminder of the fragility of democracy and the ever-present threat of political violence.

4. Considerations About Plutarco Elías Calles

Plutarco Elías Calles, who served as president from 1924 to 1928, wasn’t assassinated during his term, but faced numerous attempts on his life. The political climate of the time was extremely volatile.

4.1. Background

Calles rose to prominence as a military leader during the Mexican Revolution. A shrewd and ambitious politician, he aligned himself with Álvaro Obregón and played a key role in Obregón’s rise to power.

As president, Calles implemented a number of policies aimed at modernizing Mexico, including:

Infrastructure Development: He invested heavily in infrastructure projects, such as roads, dams, and irrigation systems.
Education Reform: Calles continued Obregón’s efforts to expand access to education, particularly in rural areas.
Centralization of Power: He sought to consolidate power in the hands of the federal government, reducing the autonomy of state and local authorities.

4.2. The Cristero War

Calles’ presidency was also marked by the Cristero War, a religious conflict between the government and Catholic rebels who opposed the anti-clerical provisions of the 1917 Constitution. Calles was a staunch anti-clericalist, and his policies led to the closure of many churches and the persecution of priests.

4.3. Maximato

After leaving the presidency in 1928, Calles continued to wield considerable power as the ” Jefe Máximo ” (Maximum Leader) of the National Revolutionary Party (PNR). During this period, known as the Maximato, Calles effectively controlled the Mexican government through a series of puppet presidents.

4.4. Attempts on His Life

Given the turbulent political climate and Calles’ controversial policies, there were numerous attempts on his life both before and after his presidency. These attempts reflect the deep divisions and animosities that characterized Mexican society at the time.

4.5. Legacy

Calles is a complex and controversial figure in Mexican history. While he is credited with modernizing Mexico and laying the foundations for the PRI’s long rule, he is also criticized for his authoritarian tendencies, his anti-clericalism, and his role in the Cristero War.

5. Political Violence and LGBTQ+ Community in Mexico

While the assassinations of presidents represent the most extreme form of political violence, it’s important to acknowledge the broader context of violence that affects many communities in Mexico, including the LGBTQ+ community.

5.1. Challenges and Discrimination

Members of the LGBTQ+ community in Mexico often face discrimination, prejudice, and violence. While there have been advances in legal rights in some areas, societal attitudes and cultural norms can still be deeply conservative.

5.2. Hate Crimes and Violence

Sadly, hate crimes and violence against LGBTQ+ individuals are a reality in Mexico. These acts of violence are often motivated by prejudice and intolerance.

5.3. Political Participation

LGBTQ+ individuals may face barriers to political participation, including discrimination and intimidation.

5.4. Importance of Advocacy and Support

Advocacy groups and organizations play a crucial role in promoting LGBTQ+ rights, providing support to those who have experienced violence or discrimination, and working to change societal attitudes.

5.5. Gaymexico.net: A Resource for the LGBTQ+ Community

At gaymexico.net, we are committed to providing information and resources to the LGBTQ+ community in Mexico. Our website offers:

Travel Guides: Information on LGBTQ+ friendly destinations, events, and businesses in Mexico.
News and Information: Updates on LGBTQ+ rights, issues, and events in Mexico.
Community Resources: A directory of LGBTQ+ organizations, support groups, and helplines.
Personal Stories: First-hand accounts of LGBTQ+ experiences in Mexico.

6. LGBTQ+ Friendly Destinations in Mexico

Mexico offers a variety of destinations that are known for being welcoming and inclusive of LGBTQ+ travelers:

6.1. Puerto Vallarta

Puerto Vallarta is often considered the “gay capital” of Mexico. It boasts a vibrant LGBTQ+ scene, with numerous gay bars, clubs, and hotels. The city also hosts an annual Pride celebration.

6.2. Mexico City

The capital city has a large and diverse LGBTQ+ community. The Zona Rosa neighborhood is known for its gay-friendly establishments. Mexico City also hosts a major Pride parade each year.

6.3. Guadalajara

Guadalajara is another major city with a growing LGBTQ+ scene. The city has a number of gay bars and clubs, as well as a thriving arts and culture scene.

6.4. Cancun

While primarily known as a tourist destination, Cancun also has a number of gay-friendly hotels and resorts.

6.5. Other Destinations

Other cities and towns in Mexico are becoming increasingly LGBTQ+ friendly, including:

San Miguel de Allende
Oaxaca
Tulum

7. Tips for LGBTQ+ Travelers to Mexico

Here are some tips for LGBTQ+ travelers to Mexico:

Research your destination: Before you travel, research the local laws and customs regarding LGBTQ+ individuals.
Be aware of your surroundings: While many areas are welcoming, it’s always a good idea to be aware of your surroundings and exercise caution in unfamiliar places.
Connect with the local LGBTQ+ community: Consider connecting with local LGBTQ+ organizations or community centers for information and support.
Learn some basic Spanish: Knowing some basic Spanish phrases can help you communicate with locals and navigate your way around.
Be yourself: Don’t be afraid to be yourself and express your identity.

8. Resources for LGBTQ+ People in Mexico

Here are some resources for LGBTQ+ people in Mexico:

Gaymexico.net: Your go-to source for LGBTQ+ travel information, news, and resources in Mexico.
- Address: 3255 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90010, United States
- Phone: +1 (213) 380-2177
- Website: gaymexico.net
All Out: A global LGBTQ+ advocacy organization that works to promote equality and justice for LGBTQ+ people around the world.
Human Rights Watch: An international human rights organization that documents and reports on human rights abuses against LGBTQ+ people in Mexico and around the world.
Local LGBTQ+ Organizations: There are many local LGBTQ+ organizations in Mexico that provide support, advocacy, and resources to the community.

9. Current Political Landscape in Mexico

Mexico’s current political landscape is complex and dynamic.

9.1. Key Issues

Some of the key issues facing Mexico today include:

Security: Combating drug-related violence and organized crime remains a major challenge.
Corruption: Addressing corruption within government institutions is a top priority.
Economic Inequality: Reducing poverty and inequality is essential for creating a more just society.
Immigration: Mexico is both a source and a transit country for migrants, and managing immigration flows is a complex issue.
US-Mexico Relations: The relationship between Mexico and the United States is critical, particularly in areas such as trade, security, and immigration.

9.2. Political Parties

The main political parties in Mexico include:

MORENA (Movimiento Regeneración Nacional): A left-wing party founded by current President Andrés Manuel López Obrador.
PAN (Partido Acción Nacional): A center-right party that has been a major force in Mexican politics for decades.
PRI (Partido Revolucionario Institucional): A center-left party that ruled Mexico for 70 years.
PRD (Partido de la Revolución Democrática): A left-wing party that has been a vocal critic of the government.

9.3. Upcoming Elections

Mexico holds elections regularly at the local, state, and national levels. These elections are often hotly contested and can have a significant impact on the country’s political direction.

9.4. Challenges to Democracy

Despite progress in recent years, Mexico still faces a number of challenges to its democracy, including:

Political Violence: As discussed earlier, political violence remains a serious problem, particularly at the local level.
Corruption: Corruption continues to undermine public trust and erode the rule of law.
Media Freedom: Journalists and media outlets often face threats and violence, making it difficult to report on sensitive issues.
Human Rights: Human rights abuses, including extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances, remain a concern.

10. FAQs: Mexican Presidents and Political Violence

Here are some frequently asked questions about Mexican presidents and political violence:

10.1. How many Mexican presidents have been assassinated?

At least four Mexican presidents have been assassinated: Venustiano Carranza (1920), Álvaro Obregón (1928). Guadalupe Victoria and Plutarco Elías Calles had attempts on their lives during their presidencies.

10.2. Why has Mexico experienced so much political violence?

Mexico’s history of political violence is rooted in factors such as historical legacies, weak institutions, economic inequality, organized crime, corruption, and social polarization.

10.3. What is the role of organized crime in political violence in Mexico?

Organized crime groups often seek to influence local elections and control government institutions in order to further their illicit activities, leading to violence against candidates and officials.

10.4. What measures have been taken to prevent political assassinations in Mexico?

The Mexican government has increased security for candidates, launched law enforcement efforts, implemented electoral reforms, and implemented social programs, but with limited success.

10.5. Can Mexico ever overcome its history of political violence?

Overcoming Mexico’s history of political violence will be a long and difficult process, but it is possible through strengthening institutions, addressing economic inequality, combating organized crime, and promoting the rule of law.

10.6. How does political violence affect the LGBTQ+ community in Mexico?

The LGBTQ+ community in Mexico faces discrimination, prejudice, and violence, including hate crimes and barriers to political participation.

10.7. What resources are available for LGBTQ+ people in Mexico?

Resources for LGBTQ+ people in Mexico include gaymexico.net, All Out, Human Rights Watch, and local LGBTQ+ organizations.

10.8. What are some LGBTQ+ friendly destinations in Mexico?

LGBTQ+ friendly destinations in Mexico include Puerto Vallarta, Mexico City, Guadalajara, and Cancun.

10.9. What tips do you have for LGBTQ+ travelers to Mexico?

Tips for LGBTQ+ travelers to Mexico include researching your destination, being aware of your surroundings, connecting with the local LGBTQ+ community, and learning some basic Spanish.

10.10. Where can I find more information about LGBTQ+ issues in Mexico?

You can find more information about LGBTQ+ issues in Mexico on gaymexico.net, as well as through other LGBTQ+ organizations and human rights groups.

We encourage you to explore gaymexico.net for comprehensive travel guides, news, and community resources that will help you plan your trip and connect with the LGBTQ+ community in Mexico. Discover the beauty, diversity, and welcoming spirit of Mexico!