How Did Mexico Lose Land To The US?

Mexico’s territorial losses to the United States, a complex issue with deep roots, are examined in this detailed guide from gaymexico.net, offering insights into the historical context and the LGBTQ+ perspective on these events. Discover the key treaties, figures, and political dynamics that shaped the current borders of the United States and Mexico. We’ll explore the cultural and social implications of these historical shifts, touching upon themes of identity, displacement, and cultural exchange, so you can better understand the present landscape.

1. What Were The Main Reasons Mexico Lost Territory To The US?

Mexico lost territory to the United States primarily due to a combination of factors including military conflicts, economic pressures, and political instability. The Texas Revolution, the Mexican-American War, and the Gadsden Purchase were pivotal events.

Texas Revolution (1835-1836): American settlers in the Mexican territory of Texas declared independence, leading to armed conflict. The settlers, many of whom were slaveholders, clashed with the Mexican government over issues such as slavery and centralized control.
Mexican-American War (1846-1848): Following the annexation of Texas by the United States in 1845, tensions over the border between Texas and Mexico escalated into a full-scale war. The United States emerged victorious and gained vast territories.
Gadsden Purchase (1853): The United States purchased additional land from Mexico to facilitate the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad.

These events resulted in Mexico ceding significant portions of its territory to the United States, shaping the modern border between the two countries.

2. What Was The Treaty Of Guadalupe Hidalgo’s Role In Mexico Losing Land?

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed in 1848, formally ended the Mexican-American War and played a crucial role in Mexico’s loss of land to the United States. Mexico ceded approximately 525,000 square miles of territory to the United States, including present-day California, Nevada, Utah, most of Arizona, and parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming. In exchange, the United States paid Mexico $15 million.

The treaty also addressed the rights of Mexican citizens living in the ceded territories. Article VIII guaranteed that Mexicans who remained in the ceded territories for more than one year would automatically become U.S. citizens unless they declared their intention to retain Mexican citizenship. Article IX guaranteed these new U.S. citizens the “free enjoyment of their liberty and property, and [the securing to them] in the free exercise of their religion, without distinction.” However, the protections afforded by the treaty were not always upheld, and many Mexican Americans faced discrimination and loss of land and rights.

3. How Did The Texas Revolution Contribute To Mexico’s Territorial Losses?

The Texas Revolution (1835-1836) was a significant factor in Mexico’s territorial losses. It began primarily due to cultural and political clashes between the Mexican government and the growing population of American settlers in Texas. These settlers, many of whom were slaveholders, sought greater autonomy and clashed with the centralist policies of the Mexican government.

Cultural and Political Differences: American settlers in Texas, largely Protestant and English-speaking, had different cultural and political values compared to the Mexican population. They resented the Mexican government’s attempts to enforce laws, including the abolition of slavery.
Centralist Policies: The Mexican government, under President Antonio López de Santa Anna, shifted towards a more centralized form of government, which curtailed the autonomy of states like Texas. This led to increased tensions and calls for independence.
Declaration of Independence: In 1836, Texas declared its independence from Mexico, leading to armed conflict. The Texan forces, with support from American volunteers, eventually defeated the Mexican army, securing their independence.

The Republic of Texas was subsequently annexed by the United States in 1845, further exacerbating tensions with Mexico and setting the stage for the Mexican-American War.

4. What Was The Gadsden Purchase And How Much Land Did Mexico Sell?

The Gadsden Purchase was a land deal between the United States and Mexico, finalized in 1854, in which the United States agreed to pay Mexico $10 million for approximately 29,670 square miles of land. This territory is now part of present-day Arizona and New Mexico.

Purpose: The primary purpose of the Gadsden Purchase was to secure land for the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad. The topography of the purchased land was ideal for building a railroad that would connect the southern states to the Pacific Ocean.
Negotiations: James Gadsden, the U.S. Minister to Mexico, negotiated the purchase with Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna. Santa Anna, facing internal rebellions and in need of funds, agreed to sell the territory.
Terms of the Treaty: The treaty stipulated that the United States would pay $10 million for the land. It also addressed issues related to Native American attacks and private claims between the two countries.

The Gadsden Purchase completed the territorial expansion of the contiguous United States and further defined the border between the United States and Mexico.

Map illustrating the Gadsden Purchase and its geographical context

5. What Role Did President James K. Polk Play In The Loss Of Mexican Territory?

President James K. Polk played a significant role in the loss of Mexican territory due to his expansionist policies and actions that led to the Mexican-American War. Polk, a staunch believer in Manifest Destiny, sought to expand the United States’ territory to the Pacific Ocean.

Manifest Destiny: Polk’s administration embraced the concept of Manifest Destiny, the belief that the United States was destined to expand its dominion and spread democracy and capitalism across the entire North American continent.
Annexation of Texas: Polk oversaw the annexation of Texas in 1845, a move that Mexico considered an act of aggression, as Mexico still claimed Texas as its own territory.
Mexican-American War: Polk’s administration provoked a conflict with Mexico over the disputed territory between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande. U.S. troops were sent into the disputed area, leading to armed clashes. Polk then used these clashes to justify a declaration of war against Mexico.
Territorial Gains: As a result of the Mexican-American War, the United States gained vast territories from Mexico, including California, Nevada, Utah, most of Arizona, and parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming.

Polk’s policies and actions significantly contributed to the United States’ territorial expansion at the expense of Mexico.

6. How Did The Discovery Of Gold In California Impact The Loss Of Mexican Land?

The discovery of gold in California in 1848 significantly impacted the loss of Mexican land by accelerating American settlement and increasing the value of the newly acquired territories.

Gold Rush: The discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill in California triggered the California Gold Rush, attracting hundreds of thousands of people from around the world, including the United States, to seek their fortune.
Population Boom: The influx of people led to a rapid population increase in California, transforming it from a sparsely populated territory to a bustling region with significant economic and political importance.
Statehood: The rapid population growth and economic development in California led to its swift admission into the United States as a state in 1850. This further solidified American control over the territory and diminished any chance of it returning to Mexican control.
Increased Interest in Western Territories: The Gold Rush heightened American interest in the western territories and reinforced the idea of Manifest Destiny, driving further expansion and solidifying the United States’ claim to the region.

The discovery of gold in California accelerated the integration of the newly acquired territories into the United States and solidified American control over the region, contributing to the permanent loss of these lands by Mexico.

7. What Was The Impact Of The Mexican-American War On Mexican Citizens Living In The Ceded Territories?

The Mexican-American War and the subsequent Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had a profound impact on Mexican citizens living in the ceded territories. While the treaty guaranteed certain rights, the reality was often one of discrimination, displacement, and loss of land and cultural identity.

Citizenship: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo stipulated that Mexicans living in the ceded territories had the option to become U.S. citizens or retain their Mexican citizenship. Those who chose to become U.S. citizens were guaranteed the “free enjoyment of their liberty and property.”
Loss of Land: Despite the treaty’s guarantees, many Mexican landowners faced legal challenges and discrimination that resulted in the loss of their land. American settlers and legal systems often favored American claims, leading to the displacement of Mexican families.
Cultural Discrimination: Mexican Americans faced cultural discrimination and marginalization in the newly acquired territories. Their language, customs, and traditions were often devalued, and they were excluded from political and economic opportunities.
Social Stratification: The influx of American settlers and the establishment of American institutions led to a social stratification based on ethnicity and nationality. Mexican Americans were often relegated to lower social and economic strata.

The Mexican-American War and its aftermath had long-lasting consequences for Mexican citizens living in the ceded territories, impacting their rights, property, and cultural identity.

8. How Did The Issue Of Slavery Influence The Territorial Dispute Between Mexico And The US?

The issue of slavery significantly influenced the territorial dispute between Mexico and the United States. The expansion of slavery was a major point of contention between the two countries, particularly in the context of Texas and the newly acquired territories.

Texas and Slavery: The American settlers in Texas, many of whom were slaveholders, sought to maintain the institution of slavery, which was illegal in Mexico. This was a major cause of the Texas Revolution, as the settlers clashed with the Mexican government over the issue of slavery.
Political Divisions in the US: The question of whether to allow slavery in the newly acquired territories from Mexico further deepened the divisions between the Northern and Southern states in the United States. The Wilmot Proviso, which proposed to ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico, intensified these divisions.
Compromise of 1850: The Compromise of 1850 was an attempt to resolve the issue of slavery in the newly acquired territories. It admitted California as a free state but allowed the territories of New Mexico and Utah to decide the issue of slavery through popular sovereignty.

The issue of slavery played a central role in the territorial dispute between Mexico and the United States, contributing to the Texas Revolution, the Mexican-American War, and the political divisions within the United States.

9. What Were The Long-Term Consequences Of Mexico Losing Such A Significant Amount Of Land?

Mexico’s loss of a significant amount of land to the United States had profound and long-lasting consequences, affecting its economy, politics, and national identity.

Economic Impact: The loss of territory deprived Mexico of valuable natural resources, including fertile land, minerals, and access to key trade routes. This hindered Mexico’s economic development and contributed to its ongoing economic challenges.
Political Instability: The territorial losses exacerbated political instability in Mexico, leading to internal conflicts and power struggles. The loss of land was seen as a national humiliation and weakened the legitimacy of the government.
National Identity: The loss of territory had a significant impact on Mexican national identity. It created a sense of loss and resentment, which has influenced Mexican attitudes towards the United States.
Demographic Shifts: The redrawing of the border led to the separation of communities and families, creating new challenges for Mexican Americans and impacting cultural and social dynamics in the border region.

Mexico’s loss of territory to the United States had far-reaching and enduring consequences, shaping its economic, political, and social landscape.

10. How Does The Loss Of Land Affect Mexico-US Relations Today?

The loss of land continues to affect Mexico-US relations today, contributing to complex and often strained dynamics between the two countries.

Historical Grievances: The historical loss of territory remains a source of resentment and mistrust in Mexico towards the United States. It is often invoked in discussions about current issues, such as immigration, trade, and border security.
Immigration: The border created by the territorial losses is a major focus of immigration debates. The movement of people across the border is often linked to historical injustices and economic disparities stemming from the loss of land.
Cultural Identity: The cultural and social connections between the communities on both sides of the border are deeply influenced by the shared history and the legacy of the territorial losses. Mexican Americans often maintain strong ties to their cultural heritage and advocate for the rights of Mexican immigrants.
Economic Relations: Economic relations between Mexico and the United States are also affected by the legacy of the territorial losses. Trade agreements and economic policies are often scrutinized for their potential impact on Mexican economic development and social equity.

The loss of land continues to shape the complex and multifaceted relationship between Mexico and the United States, influencing political, economic, and social dynamics between the two countries.

President Antonio de Santa Anna in a historical depiction, reflecting the leadership during territorial changes

11. How Did Mexico’s Internal Political Instability Contribute To Its Territorial Losses?

Mexico’s internal political instability significantly contributed to its territorial losses. The country experienced frequent changes in government, military coups, and internal rebellions, which weakened its ability to effectively govern and defend its territory.

Frequent Changes in Government: Mexico had numerous presidents and changes in government during the 19th century, leading to inconsistent policies and a lack of long-term planning. This instability made it difficult for Mexico to address the challenges posed by American expansionism.
Military Coups and Rebellions: The country was plagued by military coups and internal rebellions, which diverted resources and attention away from defending its borders. These conflicts weakened the Mexican army and made it vulnerable to external threats.
Lack of Central Authority: The weak central authority in Mexico allowed regional caudillos (military strongmen) to exercise considerable power, undermining the ability of the national government to assert control over its territories.
Economic Weakness: Political instability contributed to economic weakness, which further hampered Mexico’s ability to defend its territory. The government struggled to raise revenue and invest in infrastructure and military capabilities.

The combination of political instability and economic weakness made Mexico vulnerable to American expansionism, ultimately leading to significant territorial losses.

12. What Specific US Policies And Actions Led To The Annexation Of Texas?

Several US policies and actions led to the annexation of Texas, including encouraging American settlement, supporting Texan independence, and ultimately annexing the Republic of Texas.

Encouragement of American Settlement: The US government encouraged American settlers to move to Texas, which was then part of Mexico. These settlers were granted land and other incentives, leading to a large influx of Americans into the region.
Support for Texan Independence: The US government provided tacit support to the Texan rebels who sought independence from Mexico. American volunteers and supplies flowed into Texas, aiding the Texan cause.
Recognition of the Republic of Texas: The US government recognized the Republic of Texas in 1837, signaling its support for Texan independence and paving the way for eventual annexation.
Annexation of Texas: In 1845, the US Congress voted to annex Texas, making it a state in the United States. This action was strongly opposed by Mexico, which still claimed Texas as its own territory.

These US policies and actions played a crucial role in the annexation of Texas, contributing to the escalating tensions between Mexico and the United States.

13. How Did Economic Factors Influence The Gadsden Purchase?

Economic factors significantly influenced the Gadsden Purchase. The United States sought to acquire the land to facilitate the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad, which would provide significant economic benefits.

Transcontinental Railroad: The primary motivation for the Gadsden Purchase was to secure land for a southern transcontinental railroad. The topography of the purchased land was ideal for building a railroad that would connect the southern states to the Pacific Ocean.
Economic Benefits: The construction of a transcontinental railroad would provide numerous economic benefits, including facilitating trade, transporting goods and people, and promoting economic development in the western territories.
Investment Opportunities: The Gadsden Purchase created investment opportunities for American entrepreneurs and investors who sought to capitalize on the economic potential of the western territories.
Mexican Financial Needs: Mexico, under President Antonio López de Santa Anna, was in dire financial straits due to internal rebellions and political instability. Santa Anna agreed to sell the land in exchange for much-needed funds to support his government.

The economic factors, including the desire for a transcontinental railroad and Mexico’s financial needs, played a key role in the Gadsden Purchase.

14. What Specific Guarantees Did The Treaty Of Guadalupe Hidalgo Provide To Mexican Citizens?

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided specific guarantees to Mexican citizens living in the ceded territories, including the right to citizenship, protection of property rights, and freedom of religion.

Citizenship: The treaty stipulated that Mexicans living in the ceded territories had the option to become U.S. citizens or retain their Mexican citizenship. Those who chose to become U.S. citizens were guaranteed the same rights and privileges as other U.S. citizens.
Property Rights: The treaty guaranteed that Mexican citizens who owned property in the ceded territories would have their property rights respected and protected. However, this guarantee was not always upheld, and many Mexican landowners faced legal challenges and discrimination that resulted in the loss of their land.
Freedom of Religion: The treaty guaranteed the “free exercise of their religion” to Mexican citizens in the ceded territories. This provision was intended to protect the religious freedom of the Catholic population in the region.
Language and Culture: While the treaty did not explicitly address language and culture, it was understood that Mexican citizens would be allowed to maintain their cultural identity and traditions.

Despite these guarantees, Mexican citizens in the ceded territories often faced discrimination and challenges in exercising their rights.

15. How Did The Concept Of Manifest Destiny Influence US Policy Toward Mexico?

The concept of Manifest Destiny significantly influenced US policy toward Mexico. Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United States was destined to expand its dominion and spread democracy and capitalism across the entire North American continent.

Expansionist Policies: Manifest Destiny provided a justification for American expansionism, including the annexation of Texas, the Mexican-American War, and the Gadsden Purchase. American leaders believed that it was their duty to expand the United States’ territory to the Pacific Ocean.
Belief in American Superiority: Manifest Destiny was often accompanied by a belief in the superiority of American culture, institutions, and values. This led to a sense that the United States was entitled to acquire Mexican territory and impose its way of life on the Mexican population.
Justification for War: Manifest Destiny was used to justify the Mexican-American War. American leaders argued that the war was necessary to fulfill the United States’ destiny and bring progress and civilization to the western territories.
Territorial Expansion: The concept of Manifest Destiny fueled American territorial expansion at the expense of Mexico, resulting in the loss of vast territories and the redrawing of the border between the two countries.

The concept of Manifest Destiny played a central role in shaping US policy toward Mexico, driving American expansionism and contributing to the loss of Mexican territory.

16. What Were Some Of The Failed Attempts By The US To Acquire More Territory From Mexico Beyond What Was Eventually Purchased?

There were several failed attempts by the US to acquire more territory from Mexico beyond what was eventually purchased. These attempts reflected the expansionist ambitions of the United States and the complex negotiations between the two countries.

Bid for Baja California: During the negotiations for the Gadsden Purchase, the United States initially sought to acquire a much larger territory, including Baja California. However, Mexico refused to cede this territory, and the final agreement was limited to the area necessary for the southern transcontinental railroad.
Offers for Additional Land: The US government made several offers to purchase additional land from Mexico beyond what was included in the Gadsden Purchase. These offers were rejected by Mexico, which was wary of further territorial losses.
Private Schemes and Filibuster Expeditions: There were numerous private schemes and filibuster expeditions aimed at acquiring Mexican territory through unauthorized military actions. These attempts were largely unsuccessful and were condemned by both the US and Mexican governments.
Proposals for a Protectorate: Some American leaders proposed establishing a protectorate over Mexico, which would have given the United States significant control over Mexican affairs. However, this proposal was never formally adopted.

These failed attempts demonstrate the extent of American interest in acquiring Mexican territory and the complex negotiations that shaped the final outcome.

17. How Did Santa Anna’s Leadership Affect Mexico’s Ability To Negotiate With The US?

Santa Anna’s leadership significantly affected Mexico’s ability to negotiate with the US. His political instability, military defeats, and financial needs weakened Mexico’s bargaining position and made it vulnerable to American pressure.

Political Instability: Santa Anna’s frequent changes in power and inconsistent policies undermined Mexico’s ability to present a united front in negotiations with the United States. His government was often weak and lacked legitimacy, making it difficult to enforce agreements.
Military Defeats: Santa Anna’s military defeats in the Texas Revolution and the Mexican-American War weakened Mexico’s bargaining position. The United States was able to dictate the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo due to its military superiority.
Financial Needs: Santa Anna’s government was in dire financial straits due to internal rebellions and economic mismanagement. This made Mexico more willing to sell territory to the United States in exchange for much-needed funds.
Reputation for Corruption: Santa Anna had a reputation for corruption and self-interest, which further undermined his ability to negotiate effectively. American negotiators were often able to exploit his weaknesses and extract favorable terms.

Santa Anna’s leadership, characterized by political instability, military defeats, and financial needs, significantly weakened Mexico’s ability to negotiate with the US, leading to significant territorial losses.

18. What Were The Reactions In Mexico To The Loss Of Territory?

The reactions in Mexico to the loss of territory were overwhelmingly negative, marked by a sense of national humiliation, resentment towards the United States, and political instability.

National Humiliation: The loss of territory was seen as a national humiliation and a blow to Mexican pride. It created a sense of loss and resentment that has persisted for generations.
Political Instability: The territorial losses exacerbated political instability in Mexico, leading to internal conflicts and power struggles. The government was widely criticized for its handling of the negotiations with the United States.
Economic Impact: The loss of territory deprived Mexico of valuable natural resources and hindered its economic development. This contributed to economic challenges and social unrest.
Cultural Impact: The redrawing of the border led to the separation of communities and families, creating new challenges for Mexicans living in the border region. Mexican culture and identity were threatened by American expansionism.
Rise of Nationalism: The loss of territory fueled a rise in Mexican nationalism, with many Mexicans calling for a reassertion of national sovereignty and a rejection of American influence.

The loss of territory had profound and long-lasting consequences for Mexico, shaping its political, economic, and cultural landscape.

19. How Did The US Senate Modify The Gadsden Treaty Before Ratifying It?

The US Senate modified the Gadsden Treaty before ratifying it. These modifications reflected the political divisions within the United States and the concerns about the terms of the original treaty.

Reduction in Size of Purchase: The Senate reduced the amount of land purchased from Mexico from approximately 45,000 square miles to 29,670 square miles. This was done to reduce the cost of the purchase and to address concerns about the value of the land.
Reduction in Payment: The Senate reduced the amount paid to Mexico from $15 million to $10 million. This was done to reflect the reduced size of the purchase and to address concerns about the financial implications of the treaty.
Elimination of Protection for Private Claims: The Senate eliminated provisions in the treaty that would have protected the private claims of American citizens against Mexico. This was done to avoid entangling the US government in private disputes.
Removal of Guarantee Against Native American Raids: The Senate removed a provision in the treaty that would have guaranteed US protection against Native American raids into Mexico. This was done to avoid committing the US government to an open-ended obligation.

These modifications reflected the political divisions within the United States and the concerns about the terms of the original treaty, ultimately leading to a smaller and less costly purchase.

20. In What Ways Was The Treaty Of Guadalupe Hidalgo Not Fully Enforced Or Honored By The US?

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was not fully enforced or honored by the US in several ways, leading to injustices and hardships for Mexican citizens living in the ceded territories.

Loss of Land: Despite the treaty’s guarantees of property rights, many Mexican landowners faced legal challenges and discrimination that resulted in the loss of their land. American settlers and legal systems often favored American claims, leading to the displacement of Mexican families.
Discrimination and Marginalization: Mexican Americans faced cultural discrimination and marginalization in the newly acquired territories. Their language, customs, and traditions were often devalued, and they were excluded from political and economic opportunities.
Violation of Civil Rights: Mexican Americans were often denied basic civil rights, including the right to vote, the right to a fair trial, and the right to equal protection under the law. This discrimination was particularly severe in areas with large American populations.
Segregation: Mexican Americans were often subjected to segregation in schools, housing, and public accommodations. This segregation was often enforced through informal practices and social pressure.

The failure to fully enforce or honor the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had long-lasting consequences for Mexican citizens living in the ceded territories, contributing to social and economic inequalities that persist to this day.

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FAQ Section

1. What were the main reasons Mexico lost territory to the US?
Mexico lost land to the US due to a combination of factors, including military conflicts like the Texas Revolution and the Mexican-American War, economic pressures that led to the Gadsden Purchase, and internal political instability. These factors culminated in significant territorial concessions to the United States.

2. How did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo contribute to Mexico losing land?
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican-American War in 1848 and was pivotal in Mexico’s loss of land, as Mexico ceded approximately 525,000 square miles to the U.S., encompassing present-day California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming, in exchange for $15 million.

3. What role did President James K. Polk play in the loss of Mexican territory?
President James K. Polk, an advocate of Manifest Destiny, played a major role in the loss of Mexican land through his expansionist policies, including the annexation of Texas and instigating the Mexican-American War, leading to significant territorial gains for the U.S.

4. How did the discovery of gold in California impact the loss of Mexican land?
The discovery of gold in California in 1848 significantly impacted the loss of Mexican land by triggering the Gold Rush, leading to a population boom and rapid statehood for California, solidifying U.S. control over the region.

5. What specific guarantees did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provide to Mexican citizens?
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided guarantees to Mexican citizens, including the option of U.S. citizenship with full rights, protection of property, and freedom of religion, though these rights were not always upheld in practice.

6. How did the concept of Manifest Destiny influence US policy toward Mexico?
Manifest Destiny, the belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across North America, greatly influenced U.S. policy toward Mexico, justifying expansionist actions such as the annexation of Texas and the Mexican-American War, leading to the acquisition of vast Mexican territories.

7. What was the Gadsden Purchase, and how much land did Mexico sell?
The Gadsden Purchase, finalized in 1854, involved the U.S. paying Mexico $10 million for approximately 29,670 square miles of land, now part of Arizona and New Mexico, to facilitate the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad.

8. How did the issue of slavery influence the territorial dispute between Mexico and the US?
The issue of slavery greatly influenced the territorial dispute, as American settlers in Texas sought to maintain slavery, leading to clashes with the Mexican government, while the question of slavery in newly acquired territories deepened divisions within the U.S.

9. How does the loss of land affect Mexico-US relations today?
The historical loss of land continues to affect Mexico-US relations, contributing to complex dynamics in areas such as immigration, trade, and cultural identity, with historical grievances often influencing current discussions.

10. What were the long-term consequences of Mexico losing such a significant amount of land?
The long-term consequences of Mexico losing land include economic setbacks, political instability, a sense of national loss, and demographic shifts, impacting Mexico’s development and its relationship with the United States.

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