How Much Is The Canadian Dollar Today In Mexico?

Are you a member of the LGBTQ+ community looking for the most current exchange rate between the Canadian dollar and the Mexican peso? Gaymexico.net delivers up-to-date information and insights to help you make informed decisions, plus discover welcoming places and events in Mexico. Let’s dive into the details and explore how this information can enhance your experience in Mexico.

1. What Is The Current Exchange Rate For The Canadian Dollar In Mexico?

The Canadian dollar’s value fluctuates, to find out the Canadian dollar’s current exchange rate in Mexico, reliable financial websites and currency converters provide up-to-the-minute data, reflecting market changes influenced by economic factors and global events.

Factors Influencing Exchange Rates

Understanding the forces behind currency valuations can help you anticipate changes and make informed decisions:

Economic Performance: A country’s economic growth, employment rates, and overall stability affect its currency value.
Interest Rates: Central banks’ interest rate decisions influence currency demand; higher rates attract foreign investment, increasing demand.
Inflation: High inflation erodes a currency’s purchasing power, potentially leading to depreciation.
Geopolitical Events: Political instability, trade tensions, and major global events can create market volatility and impact currency values.

Where To Find Reliable Exchange Rate Information

Several reliable resources offer current and historical exchange rate data:

Central Banks: The Bank of Mexico (Banco de México) and the Bank of Canada provide official exchange rate information and economic analysis.
Financial News Websites: Reputable sources such as Bloomberg, Reuters, and Yahoo Finance offer up-to-date currency data and market analysis.
Currency Converter Tools: Online tools like Google Finance, XE.com, and OANDA provide quick and easy currency conversions based on the latest exchange rates.
Financial Institutions: Banks and currency exchange services provide exchange rates for transactions, though these may include fees and commissions.

Staying informed with these resources helps you get the best value when converting currency.

2. Why Is The Exchange Rate Important For LGBTQ+ Travelers?

For LGBTQ+ travelers, understanding the exchange rate between the Canadian dollar (CAD) and the Mexican peso (MXN) is essential for budgeting and managing expenses. Knowing the current exchange rate allows you to accurately estimate the cost of accommodations, meals, activities, and transportation, ensuring a smoother and more enjoyable travel experience.

Budgeting Your Trip Effectively

Planning a trip involves carefully estimating costs. By knowing the CAD to MXN exchange rate, you can:

Estimate Accommodation Costs: Convert hotel or Airbnb prices from pesos to Canadian dollars to see how much you’re really paying.
Plan Activities: Budget for tours, events, and attractions by converting the prices to CAD.
Calculate Daily Expenses: Estimate daily spending on food, transportation, and souvenirs to stay within your budget.

Making Informed Financial Decisions

Understanding the exchange rate also helps you make smart financial decisions while traveling:

Choose the Best Payment Method: Decide whether to use credit cards, debit cards, or cash based on the exchange rates and fees associated with each method.
Time Your Currency Exchange: Monitor exchange rate trends and exchange currency when the rate is favorable.
Avoid Hidden Fees: Be aware of potential fees from ATMs, credit card companies, and currency exchange services.

Avoiding Overspending

Without a clear understanding of the exchange rate, it’s easy to overspend. Converting prices to your home currency helps you:

Compare Prices: Quickly assess whether a purchase is a good deal by converting the price to CAD.
Track Spending: Keep a record of your expenses in both pesos and Canadian dollars to stay on budget.
Make Informed Choices: Decide if a particular activity or souvenir is worth the cost based on the conversion rate.

3. What Are The Historical Trends Of The CAD To MXN Exchange Rate?

Examining the historical trends of the CAD to MXN exchange rate provides valuable context for understanding current fluctuations and potential future movements.

Long-Term Trends

Over the past few decades, the CAD to MXN exchange rate has experienced significant fluctuations influenced by various economic and political factors.

Economic Factors: Differences in economic growth rates, inflation levels, and interest rate policies between Canada and Mexico have driven long-term trends.
Trade Agreements: The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and its successor, the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), have impacted the exchange rate by influencing trade flows between the two countries.
Global Events: Global economic crises, such as the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic, have caused volatility in the exchange rate.

Recent Fluctuations

In recent years, the CAD to MXN exchange rate has been influenced by:

Commodity Prices: Canada’s economy is heavily reliant on commodity exports, particularly oil. Fluctuations in oil prices can impact the value of the Canadian dollar.
Monetary Policy: Decisions by the Bank of Canada and the Bank of Mexico regarding interest rates and quantitative easing have affected the exchange rate.
Political Developments: Political uncertainty in either country can lead to increased volatility in the exchange rate.

Seasonal Variations

The CAD to MXN exchange rate may also exhibit seasonal variations due to tourism patterns and trade flows.

Tourism: Increased tourism to Mexico during the winter months can increase demand for Mexican pesos, potentially strengthening the currency.
Agricultural Exports: Seasonal agricultural exports from Mexico can also influence the exchange rate.

Analyzing Historical Data

To gain a deeper understanding of historical trends, consider analyzing historical exchange rate data from reliable sources.

Financial Websites: Websites like Bloomberg, Reuters, and Yahoo Finance provide historical exchange rate data and charts.
Central Banks: The Bank of Mexico and the Bank of Canada offer historical exchange rate data on their websites.
Economic Research: Look for economic research and analysis that examines the factors driving the CAD to MXN exchange rate.

4. How Can I Get The Best Exchange Rate In Mexico?

Getting the best exchange rate in Mexico requires some planning and research. Here are some tips to help you maximize your money:

Compare Exchange Rates

Don’t settle for the first exchange rate you find. Take the time to compare rates from different sources to ensure you’re getting the best deal.

Banks: Check the exchange rates offered by local banks in Mexico.
Currency Exchange Services: Compare rates from different currency exchange services, such as those located in airports, tourist areas, and city centers.
Online Platforms: Explore online currency exchange platforms that may offer competitive rates.

Avoid Airport Exchange Services

Airport exchange services are notoriously known for offering unfavorable exchange rates due to their convenience and captive audience. Whenever possible, avoid exchanging currency at the airport.

Use Local ATMs

Using local ATMs to withdraw Mexican pesos can often provide a better exchange rate compared to exchanging currency in advance. However, be mindful of potential ATM fees and foreign transaction fees charged by your bank.

Pay With Credit Cards

In many establishments, paying with a credit card can offer a competitive exchange rate. However, be sure to check if your credit card charges foreign transaction fees. If so, consider using a credit card that doesn’t impose such fees.

Negotiate Rates

In some cases, particularly when exchanging larger amounts of currency, you may be able to negotiate the exchange rate. Don’t hesitate to ask for a better rate, especially if you’re exchanging a significant sum.

Consider Using Online Currency Exchange Platforms

Online currency exchange platforms can offer competitive exchange rates and lower fees compared to traditional exchange services. Research and compare different platforms to find one that suits your needs.

Be Aware Of Hidden Fees

Always inquire about any potential fees or commissions associated with currency exchange services. Some services may advertise attractive exchange rates but then tack on hidden fees, which can significantly impact the final amount you receive.

Stay Informed

Keep an eye on exchange rate trends and fluctuations. Being aware of market movements can help you make informed decisions about when and where to exchange currency.

Plan Ahead

Whenever possible, plan your currency exchange in advance. Waiting until the last minute can limit your options and potentially result in less favorable exchange rates.

5. What Are The Best LGBTQ+ Friendly Destinations In Mexico?

Mexico boasts a variety of destinations that are particularly welcoming to LGBTQ+ travelers. Here are some of the top choices:

Puerto Vallarta

Known as the “San Francisco of Mexico,” Puerto Vallarta has a vibrant LGBTQ+ scene.

Zona Romántica: This area is the heart of the gay scene, featuring numerous gay bars, clubs, and restaurants.
Gay Beaches: Playa Los Muertos has a popular gay beach area with vendors and beach clubs catering to the LGBTQ+ community.
Annual Events: Puerto Vallarta hosts several LGBTQ+ events, including Vallarta Pride, which attracts thousands of visitors each year.

Mexico City

Mexico City offers a rich cultural experience with a thriving LGBTQ+ community.

Zona Rosa: This neighborhood is known for its gay-friendly establishments, including bars, clubs, and shops.
Pride Celebrations: Mexico City Pride is one of the largest and most vibrant in Latin America.
Cultural Attractions: Explore historic sites, museums, and art galleries that celebrate LGBTQ+ culture and history.

Cancun

While known for its beaches and resorts, Cancun also has a growing LGBTQ+ scene.

Gay-Friendly Resorts: Several resorts in Cancun cater specifically to LGBTQ+ travelers.
Nightlife: Downtown Cancun offers gay bars and clubs.
Day Trips: Explore nearby attractions like Tulum and Playa del Carmen, which also have LGBTQ+ friendly options.

Guadalajara

Guadalajara, the capital of Jalisco, offers a mix of tradition and modernity with a welcoming LGBTQ+ community.

Gay Bars and Clubs: The city has a selection of gay bars and clubs, particularly in the city center.
Cultural Events: Guadalajara hosts LGBTQ+ film festivals and cultural events.
Historical Sites: Explore the city’s historical architecture and cultural landmarks.

San Miguel de Allende

This charming colonial town is known for its artistic atmosphere and inclusive community.

Welcoming Atmosphere: San Miguel de Allende is known for its accepting and open-minded residents.
Art Scene: The town has a thriving arts scene with galleries and workshops that often feature LGBTQ+ artists.
Relaxing Getaway: Enjoy the town’s beautiful architecture, thermal springs, and tranquil atmosphere.

Oaxaca

Oaxaca offers a unique cultural experience with a growing LGBTQ+ presence.

Local Culture: The city is known for its indigenous cultures, cuisine, and vibrant arts scene.
LGBTQ+ Scene: While smaller than some other cities, Oaxaca has a developing LGBTQ+ community with gay-friendly establishments.
Festivals and Events: Oaxaca hosts various cultural festivals and events that are inclusive and welcoming.

6. What LGBTQ+ Events Should I Know About In Mexico?

Mexico hosts numerous LGBTQ+ events throughout the year, offering opportunities for celebration, community, and cultural exchange. Here are some of the top events to consider:

Vallarta Pride

Held annually in Puerto Vallarta, Vallarta Pride is one of the largest and most popular LGBTQ+ pride celebrations in Mexico.

Parades: A vibrant parade through the streets of Puerto Vallarta.
Parties: Numerous parties and social events at local bars and clubs.
Cultural Events: Film screenings, art exhibits, and performances.

Mexico City Pride

Mexico City Pride is a massive event that draws participants from all over the country and beyond.

Parade: A large and colorful parade through the city’s main streets.
Festival: A festival with live music, performances, and vendor booths.
Community Events: Workshops, discussions, and community gatherings.

Mix LGBT Film Festival

Held in Mexico City, the Mix LGBT Film Festival showcases a diverse range of LGBTQ+ films from around the world.

Film Screenings: Screenings of feature films, documentaries, and short films.
Panel Discussions: Discussions with filmmakers and industry professionals.
Networking Events: Opportunities to connect with other film enthusiasts and filmmakers.

Guadalajara Pride

Guadalajara Pride is a growing celebration that highlights the LGBTQ+ community in Jalisco.

Parade: A parade through the streets of Guadalajara.
Cultural Events: Concerts, art exhibits, and cultural performances.
Community Outreach: Events focused on community building and advocacy.

BearMex

BearMex is a popular event catering to the bear community, held in various locations throughout Mexico.

Parties: Themed parties and social events.
Workshops: Workshops and discussions on topics relevant to the bear community.
Social Activities: Opportunities for socializing and networking.

Arena Festival

Arena Festival is an electronic music festival held in Puerto Vallarta, attracting LGBTQ+ partygoers from around the world.

Music Performances: Performances by top DJs and electronic music artists.
Pool Parties: Daytime pool parties at various venues.
Nightclub Events: Nightclub events and after-parties.

7. What Are The Laws And Social Attitudes Towards LGBTQ+ People In Mexico?

Understanding the legal and social landscape for LGBTQ+ individuals in Mexico is crucial for a safe and respectful travel experience.

Legal Protections

Mexico has made significant progress in LGBTQ+ rights in recent years.

Same-Sex Marriage: Same-sex marriage is legal nationwide, although implementation may vary by state.
Adoption Rights: LGBTQ+ couples have the right to adopt children in many parts of the country.
Anti-Discrimination Laws: Federal anti-discrimination laws protect LGBTQ+ individuals from discrimination in employment, housing, and services.

Social Attitudes

While legal protections are in place, social attitudes towards LGBTQ+ people can vary depending on the region and community.

Urban Areas: Major cities like Mexico City, Guadalajara, and Puerto Vallarta tend to be more accepting and inclusive.
Rural Areas: In more rural areas, social attitudes may be more conservative, and LGBTQ+ individuals may face discrimination or prejudice.
Public Opinion: Public opinion on LGBTQ+ rights has been shifting in a positive direction, but there is still work to be done to promote acceptance and understanding.

Safety Tips For LGBTQ+ Travelers

Research Your Destination: Before traveling to a particular region, research the local laws and social attitudes towards LGBTQ+ people.
Be Aware Of Your Surroundings: Pay attention to your surroundings and avoid situations where you may feel unsafe.
Use Common Sense: Exercise caution and common sense, particularly in unfamiliar areas.
Connect With Local LGBTQ+ Organizations: Reach out to local LGBTQ+ organizations for information and support.

Resources For LGBTQ+ Travelers In Mexico

GayMexico.Net: This website provides information and resources for LGBTQ+ travelers in Mexico.
Local LGBTQ+ Organizations: Connect with local LGBTQ+ organizations for support and information.
Travel Guides: Consult LGBTQ+ travel guides for recommendations on gay-friendly accommodations, restaurants, and activities.

8. How Can Gaymexico.net Help Me Plan My Trip?

Gaymexico.net is your go-to resource for planning an unforgettable LGBTQ+ trip to Mexico, offering a wealth of information and support to ensure a safe, enjoyable, and authentic experience.

Comprehensive Travel Guides

Explore detailed travel guides covering Mexico’s most LGBTQ+ friendly destinations, including Puerto Vallarta, Mexico City, Cancun, and more. These guides provide insider tips on:

Accommodations: Discover gay-friendly hotels, resorts, and guesthouses that cater to the LGBTQ+ community.
Nightlife: Find the best gay bars, clubs, and parties in each city.
Restaurants: Explore dining options that welcome LGBTQ+ patrons.
Activities: Discover LGBTQ+ friendly tours, attractions, and cultural experiences.

Up-To-Date Event Listings

Stay informed about the latest LGBTQ+ events happening in Mexico, including pride celebrations, film festivals, music festivals, and community gatherings. Gaymexico.net provides:

Event Calendars: Browse comprehensive event calendars for major cities and regions.
Event Details: Get detailed information on event dates, locations, and ticket prices.
Local Insights: Discover local events and gatherings that may not be widely publicized.

Community Connections

Connect with the local LGBTQ+ community in Mexico through Gaymexico.net’s community forums and social networking features.

Forums: Engage in discussions with other LGBTQ+ travelers and locals.
Social Groups: Join social groups based on interests and location.
Local Contacts: Find local LGBTQ+ contacts who can provide advice and support.

Safety And Legal Information

Stay informed about the legal and social landscape for LGBTQ+ individuals in Mexico. Gaymexico.net provides:

Legal Updates: Get up-to-date information on LGBTQ+ rights and protections.
Safety Tips: Learn how to stay safe while traveling in Mexico.
Emergency Resources: Access emergency contact information and support services.

Exclusive Deals And Discounts

Take advantage of exclusive deals and discounts on accommodations, tours, and activities offered through Gaymexico.net.

Partner Offers: Access special offers from LGBTQ+ friendly businesses.
Promotional Packages: Book promotional travel packages that include accommodations, tours, and activities.
Discount Codes: Use discount codes to save money on your trip.

Personalized Recommendations

Get personalized travel recommendations based on your interests, budget, and travel style. Gaymexico.net’s team of experts can help you:

Plan Your Itinerary: Create a customized itinerary that includes the best LGBTQ+ friendly destinations and activities.
Find Accommodations: Find accommodations that meet your specific needs and preferences.
Book Tours: Book tours and activities that align with your interests.

Real-Time Updates

Stay ahead of the curve with Gaymexico.net’s real-time updates on exchange rates, travel advisories, and local events.

Exchange Rate Alerts: Sign up for email alerts that notify you of changes in the CAD to MXN exchange rate.
Travel Advisories: Stay informed about any travel advisories or safety concerns.
Event Cancellations: Get notified of any event cancellations or changes.

9. What Are Some Useful Phrases In Spanish For LGBTQ+ Travelers?

Learning a few basic Spanish phrases can enhance your travel experience and help you connect with locals. Here are some useful phrases for LGBTQ+ travelers:

Basic Greetings And Expressions

Hola: Hello
Buenos días: Good morning
Buenas tardes: Good afternoon
Buenas noches: Good evening/night
¿Cómo está? (formal): How are you?
¿Cómo estás? (informal): How are you?
Bien, gracias: Fine, thank you
Por favor: Please
Gracias: Thank you
De nada: You’re welcome
Sí: Yes
No: No
Con permiso: Excuse me
Lo siento: Sorry

Introducing Yourself

Me llamo…: My name is…
Soy de Canadá: I’m from Canada
Soy gay/lesbiana/bisexual/transgénero: I’m gay/lesbian/bisexual/transgender
Soy una persona LGBTQ+: I am an LGBTQ+ person

Asking For Directions

¿Dónde está…? Where is…?
¿Cómo llego a…? How do I get to…?
¿Está cerca de aquí? Is it near here?
¿Está lejos de aquí? Is it far from here?
A la derecha: To the right
A la izquierda: To the left
Derecho: Straight ahead

Ordering Food And Drinks

¿Qué me recomienda? What do you recommend?
Quisiera…: I would like…
¿Cuánto cuesta? How much does it cost?
La cuenta, por favor: The bill, please
Soy alérgico/a a…: I’m allergic to…
¿Tiene opciones vegetarianas/veganas? Do you have vegetarian/vegan options?

Useful Phrases For LGBTQ+ Contexts

¿Es este un lugar LGBTQ+ friendly? Is this an LGBTQ+ friendly place?
¿Hay bares/clubes gay cerca? Are there any gay bars/clubs nearby?
¿Dónde puedo encontrar la comunidad LGBTQ+ aquí? Where can I find the LGBTQ+ community here?
Apoyo los derechos LGBTQ+: I support LGBTQ+ rights
Estoy aquí para apoyar a la comunidad LGBTQ+ local: I am here to support the local LGBTQ+ community.

Tips For Pronunciation

H is silent
J is pronounced like an “H”
LL is pronounced like a “Y”
Ñ is pronounced like “ny”
R is rolled

Apps And Resources For Learning Spanish

Duolingo: A popular language learning app with interactive lessons.
Memrise: A flashcard-based app that helps you memorize vocabulary.
Google Translate: A useful tool for quick translations.
SpanishDict: A comprehensive online dictionary and translator.

10. What Are Some Safety Tips For LGBTQ+ Travelers In Mexico?

While Mexico is generally a welcoming country for LGBTQ+ travelers, it’s essential to take certain precautions to ensure a safe and enjoyable trip.

Research Your Destination

Before traveling to a particular region, research the local laws and social attitudes towards LGBTQ+ people.

LGBTQ+ Rights: Understand the legal protections and rights afforded to LGBTQ+ individuals in the area.
Social Climate: Be aware of the general social attitudes towards LGBTQ+ people and whether there are any potential risks.
Local Resources: Identify local LGBTQ+ organizations and resources that can provide support and information.

Be Discreet

In certain areas, it may be wise to be discreet about your sexual orientation or gender identity.

Public Displays Of Affection: Avoid public displays of affection that may attract unwanted attention.
Dress Code: Dress modestly in more conservative areas.
Language: Be mindful of your language and avoid using overtly LGBTQ+ terminology.

Trust Your Instincts

If a situation feels unsafe or uncomfortable, trust your instincts and remove yourself from the situation.

Avoid Risky Areas: Steer clear of areas known for high crime rates or anti-LGBTQ+ sentiment.
Travel In Groups: When possible, travel in groups with friends or other LGBTQ+ travelers.
Stay Alert: Be aware of your surroundings and pay attention to any potential threats.

Use Reputable Services

When booking accommodations, transportation, and tours, choose reputable services that are known to be LGBTQ+ friendly.

Gay-Friendly Hotels: Stay at hotels that are known for their welcoming attitude towards LGBTQ+ guests.
Licensed Tour Operators: Book tours with licensed operators who have experience working with LGBTQ+ travelers.
Reliable Transportation: Use reliable transportation services, such as taxis or ride-sharing apps, to get around.

Stay Connected

Keep in touch with friends and family and let them know your travel plans.

Share Your Itinerary: Share your itinerary with someone you trust.
Check In Regularly: Check in with friends or family regularly to let them know you’re safe.
Emergency Contacts: Provide emergency contact information to someone you trust.

Know Your Rights

Familiarize yourself with your rights as an LGBTQ+ traveler in Mexico.

Anti-Discrimination Laws: Understand the anti-discrimination laws that protect LGBTQ+ individuals.
Legal Support: Know where to find legal support if you experience discrimination or harassment.
Consular Assistance: Be aware of the consular assistance available to Canadian citizens in Mexico.

Report Incidents

If you experience any incidents of discrimination, harassment, or violence, report them to the appropriate authorities.

Police: Report any criminal activity to the local police.
Consulate: Contact the Canadian consulate for assistance.
LGBTQ+ Organizations: Reach out to local LGBTQ+ organizations for support and advocacy.

Planning a trip to Mexico involves many factors, including understanding currency exchange, safety, and LGBTQ+ friendly destinations. For more information and resources, visit Gaymexico.net, or contact us at Address: 3255 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90010, United States or Phone: +1 (213) 380-2177. Let us help you plan a memorable and welcoming experience in Mexico.

FAQ: Canadian Dollar In Mexico

1. What is the current exchange rate between the Canadian dollar (CAD) and the Mexican peso (MXN)?

The exchange rate between CAD and MXN fluctuates constantly based on market conditions, get the most up-to-date information from reliable financial websites, currency converters, or financial institutions.

2. Where can I find the most accurate and up-to-date exchange rate for CAD to MXN?

Refer to reputable financial websites like Bloomberg, Reuters, or XE.com, central bank websites such as the Bank of Mexico or the Bank of Canada, and currency converter tools for the most accurate CAD to MXN exchange rates.

3. Is it better to exchange Canadian dollars to Mexican pesos before traveling to Mexico?

Exchanging a small amount of CAD to MXN before traveling can be helpful for initial expenses, but often, you can get a better exchange rate in Mexico by using local ATMs or exchanging currency at reputable exchange services.

4. Are there any fees associated with exchanging Canadian dollars to Mexican pesos in Mexico?

Yes, be aware of potential fees when exchanging CAD to MXN, banks and currency exchange services may charge fees or commissions, and ATMs may have withdrawal fees, so compare options to minimize costs.

5. Can I use Canadian dollars directly in Mexico, or do I need to exchange them for Mexican pesos?

While some tourist-oriented businesses may accept Canadian dollars, it is best practice to exchange your CAD for Mexican pesos, as the exchange rate offered may not be favorable and not all establishments will accept CAD.

6. Should I use a credit card or debit card to make purchases in Mexico, or is it better to use cash?

Using a credit card can be convenient, but be aware of foreign transaction fees; debit cards may also have fees for international withdrawals. Cash is widely accepted, especially in smaller establishments, so balance the use of cards and cash to suit your needs.

7. Are there any areas in Mexico where it’s easier or more advantageous to exchange Canadian dollars?

Major tourist destinations like Puerto Vallarta, Mexico City, and Cancun have more currency exchange options, compare rates and fees at different locations to find the most advantageous exchange rates.

8. How do economic factors like interest rates and inflation in Canada and Mexico affect the CAD to MXN exchange rate?

Economic factors such as interest rates, inflation, and economic growth can significantly impact the CAD to MXN exchange rate, higher interest rates in Canada can attract foreign investment and strengthen the CAD, while higher inflation in Mexico can weaken the MXN.

9. What is the best way for LGBTQ+ travelers to manage their money while traveling in Mexico?

LGBTQ+ travelers should research LGBTQ+ friendly establishments that are likely to offer fair exchange rates. Using a mix of credit cards (with no foreign transaction fees) and local currency can provide flexibility and security, and always be aware of your surroundings to avoid theft or scams.

10. Can Gaymexico.net provide specific advice or recommendations for exchanging currency or managing finances in Mexico?

Gaymexico.net can provide general guidance and resources for LGBTQ+ travelers, but for specific financial advice, consult with a financial professional or bank, gaymexico.net offers information on LGBTQ+ friendly destinations and services that can assist with financial transactions.