Mexico boasts a wide range of climates due to its varied topography and location between two oceans. Arid and semi-arid conditions dominate the northern and central regions, covering 56% of the country. Sub-humid climates, characterized by higher humidity levels, prevail in the remaining 44%, encompassing mountain ranges, coastal plains along the Pacific and the Gulf of Mexico, and the northeastern Yucatan Peninsula.
Mexico’s geographical location and complex terrain make it susceptible to extreme weather events. Tropical cyclones, frosts, heatwaves, and floods pose significant challenges. The country’s climate varies greatly across regions, influenced by altitude and proximity to the coast.
Temperatures in Mexico’s central uplands generally range from 15°C to 20°C. Coastal lowlands experience warmer temperatures, typically between 23°C and 27°C. Seasonal temperature fluctuations are minimal in the south. However, the northernmost areas experience significant variations, with summer temperatures reaching up to 30°C and winter temperatures dropping below 10°C. Mexico’s mean annual temperature is 20.6°C. Average monthly temperatures fluctuate between 15°C in January and 25°C in June. The country’s average annual rainfall is 725 mm, distributed relatively evenly throughout the year, with the heaviest rainfall occurring from June to October.
Rainfall in the far north is scarce, averaging less than 50 mm per month. In contrast, the southern regions and central highlands have a distinct wet season from June to October. During this period, rainfall in the southernmost regions can reach 550 mm per month. Mexico’s Atlantic and Pacific coasts are vulnerable to hurricanes from July to October.
El Niño significantly impacts Mexico’s weather patterns. During El Niño events, Mexico experiences relatively cool and wet winters, followed by hotter and drier summers. These events also tend to increase the number of hurricanes in the Pacific. El Niño’s influence underscores the dynamic nature of Mexico’s climate and its susceptibility to global weather phenomena.
Mexico’s climate, shaped by diverse geographical factors and influenced by global weather patterns, presents a complex and dynamic system. From arid deserts to humid rainforests, the country’s varied climates contribute to its rich biodiversity and unique ecosystems.
