Plague, a disease with a long and infamous history, might seem like a thing of the past. However, it’s still present in certain parts of the world, including the United States. Specifically, the bubonic form of plague is something to be aware of, particularly if you are in or plan to visit New Mexico. This state, along with northern Arizona and southern Colorado, is a region where most plague cases in the U.S. are reported.
Plague in the American Southwest: Why New Mexico?
Plague first arrived in the United States in 1900, carried by rats on steamships. While major outbreaks in cities are no longer common, the disease established itself in rural rodent populations in the western US. New Mexico, with its diverse wildlife and ecology, became one of the areas where plague persisted. The bacteria responsible for plague, Yersinia pestis, circulates among wild rodents like prairie dogs, mice, and rabbits, and their fleas can transmit it to humans.
Geographical distribution of human plague cases in the United States from 1970 to 2022, highlighting the concentration in New Mexico and the Southwest.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data shows that over 80% of plague cases in the US are bubonic plague. This form is characterized by swollen lymph nodes, called buboes, along with fever, chills, and exhaustion. While treatable with antibiotics, it’s important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect you might have plague.
Recent Trends and Who is at Risk in New Mexico?
In recent years, an average of about seven human plague cases occur annually in the United States. While this number is relatively low, New Mexico and the surrounding states remain the primary areas of concern. Anyone in these areas can potentially be at risk, especially those who spend time outdoors, whether for work, recreation, or residence in rural settings. Historically, men have been slightly more affected, likely due to more outdoor activities, but plague can affect anyone, regardless of age or gender.
Chart showing the number of human plague cases in the United States, differentiated by fatal and non-fatal outcomes, between 2000 and 2022, indicating the ongoing presence of the disease.
While plague might sound alarming, it’s important to remember that cases are sporadic and concentrated in specific regions. Being aware of the risks and taking simple precautions can significantly reduce your chances of encountering plague. These precautions include avoiding contact with wild rodents, using insect repellent to prevent flea bites, and controlling rodents around your home. If you develop symptoms consistent with plague, especially after potential exposure in areas like New Mexico, seek medical attention immediately for diagnosis and treatment. Public health authorities in New Mexico actively monitor plague and provide guidance to residents to stay safe in plague-prone areas.
